b'Economic Update CSIA 7continuedfrom pg. 6education, training, and library occupations (32.7 percent) and protective service occupations (31.9 percent). (See table 3.)Men continued to have a higher union membership rate (10.5 percent) than women (9.5percent). (See table 1.)Black workers remained more likely to be union members than White, Asian, or Hispanic workers. (See table 1.)Nonunion workers had median weekly earnings that were 86 percent of earnings for workers who were union members ($1,090 versus $1,263). (The comparisons of earnings in this news release are on a broad level and do not control for many factors that can be important in explaining earnings differences.) (See table 2.)Among states, Hawaii and New York had the highest union membership rates (24.1 percent and 20.6 percent, respectively), while South Carolina and North Carolina had the lowest (2.3 percent and 2.7 percent, respectively). (See table 5 and chart 1.)Industry and Occupation of Union MembersIn 2023, 7.0 million employees in the public sector belonged to unions, compared with 7.4 million workers in the private sector. (See table 3.)In the public sector, both union membership and the unionIn 1983, the first year for which comparable data are membership rate (32.5 percent) were little changed overavailable, the union membership rate for private-sector the year. In 2023, the union membership rate continuedworkers in nonagricultural industries was 16.8 percent. Since to be highest in local government (38.4 percent), whichthat time, this rate (at 6.1 percent in 2023) has generally employs many workers in heavily unionized occupations,trended down. The public-sector union membership rate such as police officers, firefighters, and teachers. showed little net change from 1983 (36.7 percent) to 2011 (37.0 percent) but has since declined to 32.5 percent.The number of union workers employed in the private sector increased by 191,000 to 7.4 million in 2023, whileAmong occupational groups, the highest unionization the unionization rate was unchanged at 6.0 percent.rates in 2023 were in education, training, and library Industries with high unionization rates included utilitiesoccupations (32.7 percent) and in protective service (19.9 percent), transportation and warehousing (15.9occupations (31.9 percent). Unionization rates were percent), educational services (12.9 percent), and motionlowest in sales and related occupations (2.9 percent), picture and sound recording industries (12.1 percent).food preparation and serving related occupations (3.2 Low unionization rates occurred in finance (1.2 percent),percent), computer and mathematical occupations (3.8 professional and technical services (1.3 percent), foodpercent), and management occupations (4.1 percent).services and drinking places (1.4 percent), and insurance (1.5 percent). continuedon pg. 10csiaonline.org'