b'10 Economic Updatecontinuedfrom pg. 7Selected Characteristics of Union Members EarningsIn 2023, the unionization rate for women was littleAmong full-time wage and salary workers, union members changed over the year at 9.5 percent, while the rate forhad median usual weekly earnings of $1,263 in 2023, while men was unchanged at 10.5 percent. Both the numbernonunion workers had median usual weekly earnings of of women, at 6.6 million, and the number of men, at 7.8$1,090. In addition to coverage by a collective bargaining million, who were union members changed little over theagreement, these earnings differences reflect a variety year. (See table 1.) of influences, including variations in the distributions of union members and nonunion employees by occupation, Among the major race and ethnicity groups, Black workersindustry, age, firm size, or geographic region. (See tables continued to have a higher union membership rate in2 and 4.)2023 (11.8 percent) than White workers (9.8 percent), Asian workers (7.8 percent), and Hispanic workers (9.0Union Membership by Statepercent). The union membership rates of Asian workers, White workers, Black workers, and Hispanic workersIn 2023, 31 states and the District of Columbia had union were little different from 2022. membership rates below the U.S. average (10.0 percent), while 19 states had rates above it. All states in both the By age, workers ages 45 to 54 had the highest unionEast South Central and West South Central divisions membership rate in 2023, at 12.6 percent. Youngerhad union membership rates below the national average, workersthose ages 16 to 24had the lowest unionwhile all states in both the Middle Atlantic and Pacific membership rate, at 4.4 percent. In 2023, the uniondivisions had rates above it. (See table 5 and chart 1.)membership rate for full-time workers (10.9 percent) was more than double that for part-time workers (5.2 percent). Eleven states had union membership rates below 5.0 percent Dedicated to keeping its members at the forefront in their industryin 2023. South Carolina had the lowest rate (2.3 percent). Union Representation The next lowest rates were in North Carolina and South Dakota (2.7 percent and 3.6 percent, respectively). Two In 2023, 16.2 million wage and salary workers werestates had union membership rates over 20.0 percent in represented by a union, little different than in 2022. The2023: Hawaii (24.1 percent) and New York (20.6 percent).percentage of workers represented by a union was 11.2 percent in 2023, also little different than a year earlier.In 2023, about 29 percent of the 14.4 million union members Workers represented by a union include both unionlived in just two states (California at 2.5 million and New members (14.4 million) and workers who report no unionYork at 1.7 million). However, these two states accounted affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union contractfor 17 percent of wage and salary employment nationally(1.8 million). (See table 1.) continuedon pg. 11The InsulatorJuly 2024'