b'typeroof"isdefinitelyincorrectandISkill and Experience recommenditsdeletionfromspecifica Application ofvapor barriers,roof intions.sulation and multiplelayersof bitumens, Thereisnosuchthingasastandardroofingfelts,andflashings,satisfactorily, type roof.require trainedskill and experiencesupAppropriatematerialsandspecifica plementedbyageneralappreciationof tionsareselectedtomeettherequire the work of associatedtrades. ments of new structural methods.Many architects, realizing the situation, The principal consideration of an architect is the purpose for which the buildingdo not hesitate to call in the assistance ofHEATING is required.aroofingconsultantwhoisgenerallya Itmustbedesignedandplannedtohighly technical man, conversant withall function,efficiently,forthepurposeinphasesoftheindustry,andusuallywith view.decades of experience in roof design, spec. The many new materials on the market,writing, manufacture, application andjob today,introducenewtechniques, bothinoperations,analyticalwork,costoflaconstruction and erection.borand materials, and manyother items Therefore,roofdecksandwater-proofrequiringbroadknowledgeandexpericoverings are important items and must beence. Acomprehensiveconsultationandinplanned anddesigned accordingly.spectionserviceis,undoubtedly,thean M AYBE THERE have been greater inswertoimproved roofing.ventions in the world than heat, but Irecommend the following procedure:would we in the northern hemispheres be using them if ways had not been found to Procedurewarmour homesand enable usto work in reasonable comfort? ( l)AllroofingmaterialsshouldbeMostoftheworld\'spopulation,most checked,toascertaincomplianceof itswealth,mostof itsproductiveacwith specifications and standards.tivityexistsonapartoftheglobethat (2)Ascertain that bitumens are beingmustcontendwithcoldwintersandexre-heatedto correct temperature,treme seasonalchanges. Aworld without andappliedatcorrecttempera adefenseagainstthese changesis almost ture, thus ensuring that the physi unimaginable. cal properties of the bitumens areEven the earliest cave dweller could not maintained i.e. ductility, viscosityhave livedwithout heat.In fact,thefirst and tensile strength."centralheatingsystem"wasacavefireficientthemanufactureofbitu strucktree;andthesamecave-keeper ~1. Howeverwell-controlled andef kindled with abranchfromalightning-mens and felts may be, the qualityprobably"invented"thepilotlight,too, , \'-~of the finishedbuilt-up-roof canby burning animal fat in a stone container beseriouslyimpairedifproperso he could re-ignite bis "furnace." careisnot taken duringthere Twothousandyearsago,rheRomans meltingandapplicationstages.producedaremarkablyadvancedsystem ( 3)Checkapplicationthicknessofofradiantheatingbylightingfiresin bitumens toensure uniformity ofcrawlwaysundergroundlevelssoasto sealing coats;check total weightconduct heat through the walls and floors Double problem,keepinginsulationfreefrom moistureandwaterproofingaroundthevent.ofbitumens and roofing felt, perof their homes. 100 square feet, as work proceeds,In some parts of the world stoves were In recent months, sincethe "bond ces thus eliminating "cut tests" afternot only heatersbutarticles of furniture. sation," much attention hasbeen giventothecompletionofthebuilt-up Peopleincoldcountriesusedthemas preparationandpracticalapplicationofroof.beds.Thiskind of equipment wascrude thebuilt-up-roof,buthasitnotalways( 4)Applicationmethodsmustbeat best and didn\'t allowfamiliestowanbeenafactthatthemanufactureofalllooked into,especially where feltder very far away from the source of heat, materials linkedwith thisindustryis sci layingmachines,bitumentanksBue such advancesasthere werein manentificallycontrolledandresearchcon and pumps are employed.ufacturingwinterwarmth must be credstantly being done with a viewtomakingIt ishopedthatthe foregoingbasen ited with having permitted settlement and the best use of bituminous materials?lightenedthoseexperiencingproblems.developmentof most ofthe nationsthat The aim being, to produce roofing ma Recommendationsare notintendedtabenow exist on thefaceof the globe. terials,including insulations,individuallyexhaustive.Ourremoteforebearsmaynothave suitable for specificpurposes.W henstructuralproblemsofanun knownit,but theymanagedtodiscover TheB.U.R.industryisofconsiderableusualor specialnature,in regardtothethe three important ways that heat travels sizeandimportanceinthiscountryandemploymentofbuilt-up-roofingand/ or- by conduction, convection and radiation. in the United States.masticasphaltroofing,areencountered,Indeed,thesearethebasesofmodern Thereare two sides to the activitiesofconsult your consultant.beating systems. thisenormousbusiness.( l )Manufac NoteConductionmeanstheheatingofthe turing from raw materials(production ofairthat comesin contact with abot obroofingfelts,bitumenandinsulations)( It should be noted that, in accordanceject. The heat passes directly fromthe bot (The processes of site preparation andwith international nomenclature, the wordsobjecttothe nearby air. Hold one end of 2) application of the built-up-roof.(e lat "bitumen" and "bituminous" are intendedanironrodin afire. Soonthe heat will Thter beingrecognized asasub-contractingtoapplytacoal-tarproducts,aswellastraveltotheendyou\'reholding.That\'s trade within the building industry.)petroleum-bitumenproducts.)conduction. 24JANUARY,1962'